(Extreme) Climate and the Northern Conifer Forests (Yale Environment 360)

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05 OCT 2012

NORTHERN CONIFERS ARE YOUNGER AS A RESULT OF EXTREME CLIMATE SHIFTS

Extreme climate cycles in the Northern Hemisphere over millions of years altered the evolutionary history of the hemisphere’s conifer trees, encouraging the formation of new species that are millions of years younger than their counterparts in the Southern Hemisphere, according to a new study. In an

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analysis of the fossil remains and genetic makeup of 489 of the world’s roughly 600 living conifer species, scientists found that while the majority of conifers belong to ancient lineages, most of those found in the Northern Hemisphere — including the majority of pines and spruces — emerged in just the last 5 million years, making them millions of years younger than existing species in the Southern Hemisphere. Scientists suggest that the migration of trees species and changes to range sizes in response to glacial cycles resulted in isolated populations and the introduction of new species. “Extreme climatic shifts through time may have favored the replacement of older lineages with those better adapted to cooler and drier conditions,” said Andrew Leslie, a researcher at the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies and co-author of the study, published in theProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. In the Southern Hemisphere, meanwhile, fragmented habitats and mild, wetter habitats likely helped the older conifers survive with greater diversity.